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Abstract

 

Introduction: After delivery, family’s attention changes from mother to child, while mothers tend to get very busy and do not pay attention to their health. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence and persistence of health problems after child birth and maternal correlations with parity

 

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-longitudinal, study 308 mothers who visited Mahabad community health centers for parental care (36-38 weeks) were selected. Instrument in this study was Postpartum Morbidity Scale, which developed by researcher. Content validity, internal consistency (0.94) and test-retest reliability (0.98) was measured.

 

Data gathered by interview at 7 days, 8 weeks and 12 months after delivery and analyzed by SPSS/18. To determine difference and causing problems among multiparous women primiparous, Chi²was used and 95% confidence interval was used to determine the relative risk.

 

Findings: The result showed that common reported problems at first and second stage were backache 64% and 60% and fatigue 63% and 60% respectively. However, after 12 months of the delivery fatigue was 43%. During 7 days of delivery, we found significant relationship between backache (P=0.005), headache (P=0.013), tiredness (P=0.008), side effect of anesthesia (P=0.041) and sleep problems (P=0.001) with multiparous mothers. These values after 8 weeks of delivery were backache(P=0.047), stitches infection (P=0.023), urinary tract infection (P=0.000), sex problems (P=0.003), postpartum blue (P=0.002), sleep problems (P=0.001) reported more between multiparous. 12 months after delivery, there were a significant relation between postpartum blue (P=0.024), sex problem (P=0.001), sleep problems (P=0.036) and multiparous of mothers.

 

Conclusion: Due to high prevalence of postpartum morbidities and lack of attention to solving these problems, changing the postpartum regular care and offering educational courses to mothers are necessary and highly recommended.

 

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Abstract

 

Introduction: Puberty and sex education always is one of concerning issues in child training, as many of parents are not easy in discussing it with their children. Traditionally, mothers have the main responsibility of child health training are and care health decisions. The aim of this study was to explain the mothers' experiences with sex and puberty informal education for their own children.

 

Materials and Methods: This qualitative study, conducted in 2012 over 24 mothers with 6-18 year old children. The sampling method was purposeful with maximum variation. To evaluate reliability and dependability, the credibility, transferability and conformability were used. The data was gathered by individual semi-structured interactive interviews, recorded, transcribed and was analyzed according to Morse' content analysis method.

 

Findings: One of the analyzed data was "motherhood tasks and girls preparation for the puberty". Sub-themes were "menstrual hygiene training", "respect for religious issues", "gender roles" and "hidden training of sex issues. The last category consists of two sub-themes. "In preparation for the role of gender" and "vulnerability of the opposite sex".

 

Conclusion: Formal adult education in the nation's health care system is essential. Despite the cultural changes puberty on Iran, the dominant secular culture of family and community, the puberty are discreet and quiet.

 

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  Abstract

  Introduction: Urinary tract infection is the most common chronic childhood disease, especially in girls under 6 years old. This chronic disease reduces quality of life of mothers. This study aimed to determine the effect of Family Centered Empowerment Model on mothers ۥ QOL (physical dimension) with daughter of urinary tract infection.

  Materials & Methods: This quasi experimental study was conducted in Motahari Hospital between 1991-1992 year, with 60 mothers whom were eligible for entry into the study in two control and intervention groups. Research instrument consisted of " Perceived Threat", " Self-Efficacy " , "Mother Efficacy", "Self-Control", " Locus of Control", "Cooper Smith Self-Esteem" and " SF36 Quality of Life Questionnaire" . Content Validity Index, Content Validity Ratio and reliability with Cranach’s alpha coefficients calculation were measured for instruments. Data were collected for mothers in intervention group in three phase (before, after and during the model performing) and four stages in intervention time. The mother’s quality of life was assessed before, one and three months after empowering the mothers in intervention group. Data was analyzed by SPSS/18 .

  Findings: There was not significant differences in the empowerment and quality of life scores before intervention (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between the two groups (intervention and control) after family centered empowerment model accomplishment (P<0.05).

  Conclusion: Family Centered Empowerment Model could increase quality of life scores of mothers. It is suggested that this model use clinically for families with children with other chronic illnesses. 

 

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Introduction: The general health of parents that tolerate and adapt to life problems is very important. This study aimed at comparing the general health among mothers of students with neurodevelopmental disabilities in the city of Shiraz during 2014-2015.

Methods: This was a descriptive-comparative study. The statistical population consisted of mothers of elementary school student with neurodevelopmental disability in Shiraz. Through a purposive sampling method, 135 mothers were selected, of which 50 had children with learning disability, 38 with intellectual disability, and the remaining 47 with autism spectrum disorders. In order to assess the general health of mothers, the "General Health Questionnaire” was used. Construct validity of the scale was calculated using the “Internal Structure Studies”. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was measured. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS 21.

Results: The general health of mothers of students with learning disability (x̄ = 32.04) was significantly higher than both groups of mothers of students with intellectual disability (x̄ = 27.91) and autism spectrum disorder (x̄ = 30.64) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: General health problems of mothers of children with learning disability were more than both other groups of mothers. Development and implementation of preventive and interventional programs to enhance the general health of mothers of students with neurodevelopmental disability is suggested.

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Introduction: Cancer and its treatments affect the quality of life of those who are suffered from breast cancer. This study aims to compare the quality of life in women survived with those suffered from breast cancer while under chemotherapy in 1394-1395.
Methods: In this descriptive-comparative study is conducted on 40 women survived breast cancer with the history of chemotherapy with 40 women who have cancer while under chemotherapy. Each of these cases was matched for age, sex, education, marital status and job. A sample of respondents is selected from Shohdaye Tajrish Hospital, Tehran through purposive sampling. The instruments consist “Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales” (DASS)” and “The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ- C30)”. The validity and reliability are measured in previous study. Data is analyzed by SPSS. 22.
Results: Despite the significant difference and the relative increase of scores of functional components like physical performance, role-play and social performance in women survived breast cancer (P < 0.05). Important components like cognitive emotional performance and overall components of life quality shows no significant difference in signed components (P>0/05). Also the study shows that women survived breast cancer in dyspnea, constipation diarrhea, and the economy position are just like their matches under treatment (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: The quality of life in women survived and those suffered from breast cancer while under chemotherapy is low. Therefore, it is recommended that the quality of life of women survived and woman under chemotherapy can be improved by supportive and psychological approaches.

 

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Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) imposes a lot of difficulties and calamities on parents particularly mothers due to close relationship with their children. The present study aimed to examine the effect of transdiagnostic treatment on entrapment and boredom of mothers of children with ASD.
Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on all mothers with ASD children in Isfahan City. Forty participants were initially selected using the convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two equal groups of control and experimental (n= 20, each group). The transdiagnostic treatment was conducted during 12 sessions of 60 minutes each.
Data were collected using the Entrapment Scale and Multidimensional State Boredom Scale. The validity and reliability were measured and confirmed in the previous studies. Data were analyzed by the SPSS 21 software.
Results: Results showed a significant difference in internal entrapment (P = 0.001), external entrapment (P = 0.004), disengagement (P = 0.005), high arousal (P = 0.001), low arousal (P = 0.004), inattention (P = 0.010) and time perception (P = 0.022) between the two experimental and control groups in both pre-test and post-test.
Conclusions: It seems that the unified transdiagnostic treatment is an appropriate method for reducing psychological problems (such as entrapment and boredom) in mothers with ASD children. Therefore, it is suggested to use this approach with other treatments in educational and treatment centers.

 

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Introduction: Social participation is one of the most important concepts in diseases. Considering the complications of phenylketonuria and the role of mothers as one of the family members, this study aimed at comparing the social participation of mothers of children with phenylketonuria and mothers of healthy children in Hamadan.
Methods: In this descriptive-comparative study, 65 mothers with phenylketonuria and 122 healthy mothers in Hamedan in during year 2016 participated. Convenience samples were selected from mothers with phenylketonuria and simple sampling was used to select from mothers of healthy children. The instruments used included demographic information and the questionnaire of “Social Participation Factors of Woman”. Reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by the test-retest method and with intra-class correlation. Data was analyzed using SPSS 23 software.
Results: Social participation in 98.5% of mothers was at a moderate level and in 1.5% it was satisfactory. Social participation in mothers of phenyl ketoneuria children with healthy mothers was statistically significant (P = 0.043). There was a significant correlation between the level of education and social participation of mothers of phenylketonuria children (P = 0.045), yet the effect of income variables, marital status, and gender of the child and the child of phenylketonuria had no significant effect on the social participation of mothers (P > 0.05). The social participation of mothers of phenylketonuria children was low. It is suggested that rehabilitation and psychological interventions should be included to promote the level of social participation of mothers alongside the children's treatment plan.
Conclusions: Social partnerships for mothers of phenyl ketanoric children was at a low level. It is suggested that rehabilitation and psychological interventions should be included to promote the level of social participation of mothers alongside the children's treatment plan.
 

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Introduction: Mother's health is very important for the child's development. If the child has certain conditions, the health of the mother can be affected. The current study aimed at comparing the general health status between the mothers of educable children with intellectual disabilities and mothers of normal children in Birjand city, Iran.
Methods: The present descriptive-comparative study was conducted on all mothers of the educable children with intellectual disabilities as well as the mothers of normal children. The sample population included 76 mothers of children with intellectual disabilities and 100 mothers of normal children. Mothers of children with intellectual disabilities were selected using the purposive sampling method and mothers of normal children were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data, the general health questionnaire was used. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 19.
Results: There was no significant difference in the general health status between mothers of children with intellectual disabilities and mothers of normal children (P < 0.05). Also, in general health components such as physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression, there was no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: Mothers of children with intellectual disabilities are not different from the mothers of normal children in terms of the general health status. It is suggested to implement training courses in order to develop adaptation and raise more attention to the general health aspects of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities.
 

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Introduction: In a competitive world, the provision of customer orientation health services is so importance. One of the important areas of the health system of the countries is the provision of optimal services for pregnant women. Therefore, the aim of present study is exploring of customer orientation in pregnant mothers' health services from the perspective of stakeholders.
Methods: This study is a qualitative type of phenomenology (phenomenology). The method of collecting data was a semi-structured interview that was conducted in order to understand the midwives, doctors and pregnant mothers and their companions from a client in the health services of pregnant mothers. The method of collecting data was a semi-structured interview that was conducted in order to understand the midwives, doctors and pregnant mothers and their companions from a client in the health services of pregnant mothers. A total of 57 interviews were conducted and 10 doctors, 10 midwives, 7 nurses, 15 patients and 15 patients were contributed. The sampling method was Purposive sampling. In this study, interviews continued until the acquisition of rich concepts and the non-extraction of new data.
Results: The consumer-oriented for pregnant mothers’ health services has the main categories of access and acceptability, dignity, acceptance of responsibility, support. Subcategories include physical and financial access, cultural and social accountability, privacy and respect and independence, good communication and quality and standard care, legal care, commitment and accountability, and understanding needs, and raising awareness and support for the mother as well as protection safety and supply and continuity of care and, ultimately, follow up and coordination.
Conclusions: The consumer-oriented for pregnant mothers’ health services involves care that is based on the availability, acceptability and observance of the pregnant mothers, along with the acceptance of the responsibility and support of the client. It is suggested that mothers' health planners consider the above concepts to design and formulate policies and plan maternity care services.
 

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Introduction: Life is possible for human beings through interaction and communication, and the main source of communication for human beings are parents. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy" and "Existential Group Therapy" on mother-child relationships of mothers of exceptional children.
Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test design with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population of the study included all mothers with exceptional children in Qarchak city in Tehran province who had a primary school child aged 6 to 12 years, which according to statistics was 150 people. Data collection instruments were demographic questionnaire and "Mother-Child Relationship Evaluation". Content validity was measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The pre-test was performed on 150 "mother-child relationship evaluation". Among 58 mothers who had communication problems (meaning a score less than 140 out of 240), 36 were randomly selected and in 3 groups, 12 were randomly selected. Communication problem meant a score less than 140 out of 240 of the total score of the questionnaire. The intervention groups were treated in 8 sessions of 90 minutes by ""Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy"" " and "Existential Group Therapy". All three groups completed the "mother-child relationship assessment" as a pretest, posttest, and one-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 24.
Results: There is a difference between mother-child relationship in "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy”  and "Existential Group Therapy” and control. The results of pairwise comparison showed that the difference in scores between "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy” on mother-child relationship and the control group was significant. In addition, this difference in the score of "Existential Group Therapy” and the control group was also significant (P ≥ 0.01). But there was no significant difference between the scores in "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy” and "Existential Group Therapy". Intra-group comparison also showed the stability of the results over time.
Conclusions: "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy" and "Existential Group Therapy" can improve mother-child relationships in mothers of exceptional children. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use this method to improve mother-child relationships.
 

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Introduction: Aggressive and oppositional defiant have adverse effects on the inner state of individuals and consequently on interpersonal relationships. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of "Behavior Management Training" for mothers on aggression and oppositional defiant in adolescents.  
Methods: The type of research was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population included all mothers and their teenage children girls and boys 13 to 17 years old in Gachsaran in the academic year 1398 who were selected using purposive sampling method and 30 of them were randomly selected using a table of random numbers. They were trained in the intervention and control groups (15 people in each group). In order to collect data from the demographic questionnaire, the "Aggression Questionnaire" and the "Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory" were used. Content validity by quality method and the reliability internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient was measured. The experimental group underwent “Behavior Management Training” (60-minute 9 sessions), but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. 24. 
Results: “Behavior Management Training” was effective in reducing aggression and oppositional defiant in adolescents (P < 0.01).
Conclusions: “Behavior Management Training" for mothers reduced aggression and confrontational disobedience in adolescents. Therefore, the use of "Behavior Management Training" by child and adolescent psychologists and therapists is recommended to improve the psychological health of adolescents. 
 

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Introduction: Families of autistic children are strongly influenced by various factors on the parent-child relationship. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy" on parent-child interaction in mothers with autistic children.
Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and 3 months’ follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all mothers with autistic children who were at level one, who had referred to 8 counseling and psychotherapy centers for children left behind in Tehran in the second half of 2017. The centers were selected according to accessible referral method. The centers were selected according to available referral method. Among them, 45 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly and by lottery were placed in 2 intervention groups and 1 control group. The research instruments included a demographic questionnaire, "Parent-Child Relationship Scale". The content validity of the instrument was measured by qualitative method and the reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After performing 8 sessions of 90 minutes of "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy" for the intervention groups, the data were analyzed in SPSS. 24.
Results: "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and “Group Reality Therapy” were effective in parent-child interaction in mothers with autistic children P <0.01).  There was a difference between effectiveness on the intimacy subscale and the overall score of the parent-child relationship P <0.01).
Conclusions: "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy" were effective on parent-child interaction in mothers with autistic children. It is recommended that therapists use "Compassion-Based Group Therapy" and "Group Reality Therapy " to strengthen and improve the mother-child relationship with autistic children.