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Introduction: Emotional divorce is an abnormality in family system that transforms couples into marriages that lack love, companionship and friendship. The aim of this study is to determine the association between child maltreatment and emotional divorce by mediating roles of attachment styles, early maladaptive schemas and difficulties in emotion regulation.
Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population consists of all married women and men in Tehran in 2016. 150 married couple (75 married women and 75 married men) who reside in Tehran in 2016 are selected by Purposive sampling method. The data is collected by “Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form”, “Child Abuse and Trauma Scale”, “Adult Attachment Scale”, and “Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale” questionnaires. Collected data is analyzed using statistical methods (i.e. Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis) and SPSS.24 and LISREL analysis softwares.
Results: Results show a significant positive correlation between child maltreatment and disconnection/rejection schema domain (P < 0.01, r = 0.394, B = 0.35, t = 4.04). In addition, it reveals a positive correlation between this variable and emotional divorce via mediating role of early maladaptive schemas (P < 0.01, r = 0.319, B = 0.154, P = 0.0007). There is a positive correlation between child maltreatment and difficulties in emotion regulation through mediating role of early maladaptive schemas (P < 0.01, r = 0.534, B = 0.175, P = 0.0001).There is a positive correlation between insecure attachment styles and emotional divorce via mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation (P < 0.01, r = 0.261, B = 0.08, P = 0.02).There is a positive correlation between difficulties in emotion regulation and emotional divorce (P < 0.01, r = 478, B = 0.23, t = 2.71).The model of present research was approved (AGFI = 0.99, CFI = 0.96, NFI = 0.96).
Conclusions: Child maltreatment is directly related to early maladaptive schemas and indirectly related to emotional divorce with mediating roles of early maladaptive schemas and difficulties in emotion regulation. Child maltreatment causes insecure attachment styles, early maladaptive schemas and difficulties in emotion regulation to be formed. Therefore, it is recommended that training programs could facilitate the prevention of interpersonal problems and marital dissatisfaction in families.

 

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Introduction: Job attachment is a positive and job-related mental state. Unsafe attachment is an indicator of behavioral vulnerability and causes low hardiness.
The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between job attachment and resilience with the hardiness of Takab city health staff. 
Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study was all staffs of Takab health network in 2019. 173 staffs were selected using Cochran formula by stratified random sampling. Data were collected using "Job Attachment Questionnaire", "Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale" (CD-RISC) and "Lang & Goulet Hardiness Scale".  Face validity, and reliability were assessed by Cronbach's alpha method and test-retest. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 26.
Results: Correlation between job attachment with hardiness (P <0.01) and resilience with hardiness       (P <0.01) were positive and significant. Correlation of all components of job attachment with hardiness (P<0.05) was positive and significant. In addition, the correlation of all resilience components with hardiness (P<0.05) was positive and significant.
Conclusions: Job attachment and resilience and the components of these two variables were correlated with the hardiness of health network staff. It is suggested that the organization be attracted to people with a high level of job attachment and resilience in the workplace, in order to develop workflow and to solve internal organizational problems.
 

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Introduction: Depression is one of the most common postpartum disorders. Also, women with postpartum depression have problems with emotional regulation. The aim of this study was to predict paranoid thoughts based on attachment styles mediated by experimental avoidance in women with postpartum depression in 2019.
Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of this study included all women with a diagnosis of postpartum depression who referred to health centers in Tehran province in 2019, from which 250 people were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, “Beck Depression Inventory”, “Revised Adult Attachment Scale”, the “Multidimensional Experimental Avoidance Questionnaire”, and the “Paranoid Scale”. The validity of the instruments was confirmed using construct validity by confirmatory factor analysis method and the reliability by internal consistency method was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS. 26 and Amos .26.
Results: The Model of Structural Equations using statistical indices showed secure attachment style (β= -0.223, P≥0.05), attachment style Ambiguous/anxious (β=0.506, P≥0.05), avoidant attachment style (β= 0.212, P≥0.01) has a significant relationship with experimental avoidance.  Also, the direct coefficients of experimental avoidance for paranoid thoughts (β=0.445, P≥0.01) are significant. Also, the results of indirect path coefficients between secure attachment style (β=0.099, P=0.001), anxious- ambivalent attachment style (β=0.225, P=0.001) and avoidance attachment style (β=0.094, P≥0.001) is meaningful with paranoid thoughts.
Conclusions: Experimental avoidance is a mediating variable in the relationship between attachment styles and paranoid thoughts in women with postpartum depression. Thus, an anxious- ambivalent attachment style to perceived threat in disturbing situations along with a negative view of oneself leads to the experience of anger, experimental avoidance, and consequently the experience of paranoid thoughts. It is recommended that psychological interventions be used to reduce postpartum depression.
 

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Introduction: Obesity is one of the most important human problems that endangers physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of “Attachment-Based Therapy” and “Dialectical Behavior Therapy” on food response styles and food cravings in adolescent girls with obesity.
Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population included all female high school students in Sari in the academic year 2009-2010. The study sample consisted of 36 adolescent girls with obesity who were selected by lottery by simple random sampling method and by simple random sampling in 3 groups including, the first group under Attachment-Based Therapy”, the second group under “Dialectical Behavior Therapy" and follow-up (2 months) and control group were included. Data were collected using the “Food Response Styles Scale” and the “Food-Cravings Questionnaire”. The validity of the instruments was not measured and was limited to previous studies and the reliability by the internal consistency method by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Both intervention groups received training intervention in 10 sessions (90 minutes) Data were analyzed using SPSS. 23. 
Results: Both treatments were associated with significant effectiveness in food response styles and food cravings (P<0.01). The results also showed that "Dialectical Behavior Therapy" was more effective than “Attachment-Based Therapy” in food response styles and food cravings. The results of 2-month follow-up of the intervention showed the stability of treatment (P <0.01).
Conclusions: Both “Attachment-Based Therapy” and "Dialectical Behavior Therapy " are effective on food response styles and food cravings in adolescent girls with obesity. Therefore, it is suggested that the above methods be used in endocrine and obesity treatment centers for adolescents with obesity. 
 

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Introduction: Empathy is one of the main skills in the nursing profession. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between empathy and aesthetic intelligence in nursing staff in Abhar. 
Methods: The present study was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study included all nursing staff working in hospitals of Abhar city in 2019. The number of sample in the present study was 300 people. Sampling was by census. Research instruments included a demographic questionnaire, the “Empathy Scale”, and the “Aesthetic Intelligence Test”. The content validity was confirmed by the qualitative method and the reliability of the instruments by the internal consistency method by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS.24.
Results: The sensory component of the "Aesthetic Intelligence Test" had no statistically significant correlation with emotional. But the emotional component of "Aesthetic Intelligence Test" had a positive and significant correlation with the emotional empathy subscale of the "Empathy Scale" at the level (0.01) and with the total score of empathy, a positive correlation at the level (0.05). In addition, the dynamic component of the "Aesthetic Intelligence Test" has a positive and significant correlation with the emotional empathy of the "Empathy Scale" at the level (0.05). The results of simultaneous regression analysis showed that aesthetic intelligence could explain 4.7% of the empathy variance. 
Conclusions: There is a positive correlation between the component of emotional and dynamic empathy of “Aesthetic Intelligence Test” with empathy. It is recommended that aesthetic intelligence be trained to promote empathy among nursing staff.
 

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Introduction: People with a secure attachment style and fewer schemas can use interpersonal and social skills to find their place in social interactions with their peers and adults. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles with interpersonal skills and social skills in students of Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran.
Methods: The research method was descriptive correlation. The statistical population of this study consisted of students of Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran (Science and Research, Central Tehran, South Tehran, North Tehran, East Tehran, West Tehran) in 1399, of which 300 students were sampled in Available were selected. To collect data from the demographic questionnaire, the "Early¬-Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire", the "Attachment Styles Questionnaire" and the "Interpersonal Communication Skills Questionnaire" Questionnaire) and the "Evaluation of Social Skills Questionnaire" were used. The validity of the instruments was measured using content validity by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was analyzed in SPSS . 26 and Smart PLS 3.
Results: Interpersonal skills in 2 components of self-management and implementation and other orientation (Initial Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire) are correlated with secure attachment style (P<0.05), but the correlation of avoidant attachment style and ambivalent attachment style and 3 components of cutting, impaired limitations and tinnitus (initial maladaptive schemas questionnaire) and interpersonal skills are rejected (P<0.05). The strongest correlation between interpersonal skills and secure attachment style is with a correlation coefficient of 0.620. Of the 3 attachment styles and 5 components of schemas, only the correlation of 2 secure and avoidant attachment styles with social skills was confirmed (P<0.05). But the correlation of all 5 components of schemas and the correlation of ambivalent attachment style and social skills were rejected (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The component of self-management and implementation and the component of other-directedness and secure and avoidant attachment styles are correlated with social and interpersonal skills. Considering the role of primary maladaptive schemas and attachment styles in interpersonal skills and social skills, it is suggested to use “Schema Therapy” and “Attachment Therapy” in order to improve the interpersonal and social skills of students.
 

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Introduction: Marital infidelity, like many other social phenomena, is a multi-faceted, complex and extensive event that involves many potential factors. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the structural model of predicting attitudes towards marital infidelity based on attachment with the mediation of ways of coping in married men and women in Tehran.
Methods: The research method used was descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the present study included all married men and women in Tehran in 2023. 420 people were selected by convenience sampling from counseling and psychotherapy centers in the 3rd district of Tehran. The research instruments included a demographic questionnaire, "Revised Adult Attachment Scale", "Attitudes towards Infidelity Scale", and "Ways of Coping Questionnaire". The validity of the instruments was measured using content validity using a qualitative method, and reliability was measured using the internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS. 26 and Amos.24.
Results: Secure attachment (P<0.01, β=0.300) negatively and significantly, and anxious (P<0.01, β=0.549) and avoidant attachment (P<0.01, β=0.583) positively and significantly predict the attitude towards marital infidelity. Secure attachment with the mediation of emotion-focused coping (P<0.01, β=-0.265) and problem-focused coping (P<0.01, β=-0.308), anxious attachment with the mediation of emotion-focused coping (P<0.01, β=0.296) and problem-focused coping (P<0.01, β=0.255) and avoidant attachment with the mediation of emotion-focused coping (P<0.01, β=0.335) and problem-focused coping (P<0.01, β=0.344) predict the attitude towards marital infidelity.
Conclusions: The attachment predicts positive attitudes toward infidelity through the mediation of emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping. Therefore, it is suggested that family counselors and psychologists focus on attachment and coping ways in couple therapy to correct people's attitudes toward infidelity.


 

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Introduction: Cognitive flexibility and attachment styles are among the predictors of Internet addiction in adolescents. The present study aimed to predict Internet addiction based on attachment styles with the mediation of cognitive flexibility in adolescents in Karaj City.
Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the present study included all second-high school adolescents of government and non-government schools in Karaj city in the academic year 2022-2023, of which 200 were selected by connivance sampling. Research instruments were demographic questionnaire, "Internet Addiction Test"; "Adolescent Attachment Style Questionnaire" and "Cognitive Flexibility Inventory". The validity of the instruments was measured using content validity using a qualitative method, and reliability was measured using the internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. 26 and Amos. 26.
Results: Internet addiction is predicted based on secure attachment (β=-0.502, P<0.001), anxious attachment (β=0.483, P<0.001), avoidant attachment (β=0.374, P<0.001), and cognitive flexibility (β=-0.456, P<0.001). Secure attachment (β=-0.172, P<0.001), anxious attachment (β=0.110, P<0.001), and avoidant attachment (β=0.144, P<0.001 through the mediation of cognitive flexibility predict Internet addiction.
Conclusions: The attachment styles predict internet addiction in adolescents through the mediation of cognitive flexibility. Therefore, it is suggested that child and adolescent counselors and psychologists focus on mental flexibility and attachment styles in the treatment of Internet addiction.