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Introduction: Emotional divorce is an abnormality in family system that transforms couples into marriages that lack love, companionship and friendship. The aim of this study is to determine the association between child maltreatment and emotional divorce by mediating roles of attachment styles, early maladaptive schemas and difficulties in emotion regulation.
Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population consists of all married women and men in Tehran in 2016. 150 married couple (75 married women and 75 married men) who reside in Tehran in 2016 are selected by Purposive sampling method. The data is collected by “Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form”, “Child Abuse and Trauma Scale”, “Adult Attachment Scale”, and “Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale” questionnaires. Collected data is analyzed using statistical methods (i.e. Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis) and SPSS.24 and LISREL analysis softwares.
Results: Results show a significant positive correlation between child maltreatment and disconnection/rejection schema domain (P < 0.01, r = 0.394, B = 0.35, t = 4.04). In addition, it reveals a positive correlation between this variable and emotional divorce via mediating role of early maladaptive schemas (P < 0.01, r = 0.319, B = 0.154, P = 0.0007). There is a positive correlation between child maltreatment and difficulties in emotion regulation through mediating role of early maladaptive schemas (P < 0.01, r = 0.534, B = 0.175, P = 0.0001).There is a positive correlation between insecure attachment styles and emotional divorce via mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation (P < 0.01, r = 0.261, B = 0.08, P = 0.02).There is a positive correlation between difficulties in emotion regulation and emotional divorce (P < 0.01, r = 478, B = 0.23, t = 2.71).The model of present research was approved (AGFI = 0.99, CFI = 0.96, NFI = 0.96).
Conclusions: Child maltreatment is directly related to early maladaptive schemas and indirectly related to emotional divorce with mediating roles of early maladaptive schemas and difficulties in emotion regulation. Child maltreatment causes insecure attachment styles, early maladaptive schemas and difficulties in emotion regulation to be formed. Therefore, it is recommended that training programs could facilitate the prevention of interpersonal problems and marital dissatisfaction in families.

 

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Introduction: Divorce is considered as one of the most harmful phenomena in society, which can cause many psychological and behavioral problems. Hence, the way to manage such problems, deal with them, and tolerate them plays an important role in the mental health of divorced people. The current study aimed at comparing the coping strategies and resiliency between divorced and non-divorced females in Karaj, Iran.
Methods: The current descriptive-comparative study was conducted on all divorced and non-divorced females in Karaj as the statistical population of the study of which 100 divorced and 100 non-divorced subjects were selected by the convenience sampling method based on the inclusion criteria. The data were collected by Billings and Moos coping strategies questionnaire and Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed in previous studies. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22.
Results: There was a significant difference in problem-oriented coping strategies, excitement, and resiliency between the two groups of divorced and non-divorced females (P < 0.05). In addition, non-divorced females in resiliency variables and problematic coping strategies, and divorced females in excitement coping strategies got higher scores (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: Divorced females show less resilience and higher excitement coping strategies. Therefore, implementation of an intervention program is suggested to reduce psychological problems, increase resilience, and improve coping strategies in divorced females.
 

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Introduction: The emotional divorce is the most important factor in the family's frustration and causes the emotional gap of the family. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between differentiation and neuroticism with emotional divorce in married students of Azad Shahr city in 1396.
Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 278 students were selected by sampling method. Data collected using the “Skowron & Friedlander Differentiation of Self Inventor”, the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory, and the “Gottman Emotional Divorce Questionnaire”, which the validity and reliability were confirmed in previous studies. After collecting the questionnaires, data were analyzed using SPSS.19.
Results: The mean scores of self-differentiation, neuroticism and emotional divorce were 105±10.76, 16.24±1.25 and 8. 58±5.21, respectively. Also, the results of the correlation test showed that there was a negative correlation between self-differentiation and emotional divorce. Among the different dimensions of self-differentiation, the correlation between the three variables: "emotional response", "emotional fault" and "blending with others" was positive with emotional divorce. In addition, the correlation between "position of personal position" and emotional divorce was negative. Finally, it was also found that there was a positive and significant correlation between neuroticism and emotional divorce.
Conclusions: By increasing self-differentiation and reducing neuroticism, the amount of emotional divorce in couples decreases. The average of the score obtained in emotional divorce is the signs of emotional divorce among respondents. It is suggested that training courses be conducted on the psycho-destructive effects of neuroticism and its consequences for students.

 

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Introduction: Divorce and separation from parents can cause many problems, including impaired family functioning. The purpose of the present study was to compare the general health and eating disorders in the offspring of girls of formal divorce, emotional divorce and normal counterparts.
Methods: This study was a descriptive-comparative study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of first and second grade high school girl students in Tehran in the academic year of 1396-1977 among whom 209 were selected through cluster sampling and were divided into three groups of children of emotional divorce families (50 persons) and formal divorce (N=53) and normal families (n=106). Data were collected using the "General Health Questionnaire", "The Eating Disorder Inventory" (EDI). Content validity and Cronbach's alpha of instruments were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS. 22.
Results: The mean score of the general health questionnaire in the three groups was 33.4, 30.4 and 27.6, respectively. The mean score of total eating disorder in the three groups was 71.1, 66.5 and 56, respectively, which is higher for girls with parents with emotional divorces.
Conclusions: The group of girls with divorced parents has less general health. Eating disorder is more common in the group of girls with parents with emotional divorces. Therefore, it is suggested that health professionals act in a timely manner after divorce to prevent the health and behavioral problems of their children.
 

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Introduction: Divorce can put people›s mental health at risk and adjustment can help. The aim of study was to determine the effectiveness of «Forgiveness-Based Group Counseling» on post-divorce women›s adjustment.
Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pretest-posttest with control group. The study population was all divorced women referring to crisis intervention center of welfare center of Torbat Heydariyeh city in 2016. The sample consisted of 30 individuals who were selected through the available sampling method from eligible applicants to participate in a forgiveness-based group counseling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 in each group). The research instrument was the “Fisher›s Divorce Adjustment Scale”. Content validity of the questionnaire and reliability were assessed by Cronbach›s alpha. The intervention group received «Forgiveness-Based Group Counseling» in 6 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 22.
Results: «Forgiveness-Based Group Counseling» has a significant effect on increasing self-worth, abandonment, reducing anger, passing through grief, social intimacy, and social self-worth, and overall post-divorce adjustment (p <0.05).
Conclusions: «Forgiveness-Based Group Counseling» increases women›s adaptation after divorce. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method to increase adjustment and reduce post-divorce problems.

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Introduction: Divorce exposes adolescent children to severe physical, emotional, and social crises. Methods of reducing health-related problems include “Cognitive Behavioral Treatment” and “Unified Trans Diagnostic Treatment”. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of “Cognitive Behavioral Treatment” and “Unified Trans Diagnostic Treatment” on emotional expression and fear of intimacy in children of divorce.
Methods: Present study was a semi-experimental with pretest and posttest design with control group. The research population was children of divorce referring to the psychological service clinics of Bandar Abbas city in year of 2019. Number of 51 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into three groups (each group 17 people). The research instrument was including the demographic form, “Emotional Expression Questionnaire” and “Descutner and Thelen Fear of Intimacy Scale”. The experimental groups received 10 sessions of 70 minutes with the methods of “Cognitive Behavioral Treatment” and “Unified Trans Diagnostic Treatment”, respectively and the control group didn’t received training. Data were analyzed in SPSS.19 software.
Results: The methods of “Cognitive Behavioral Treatment” and “Unified Trans Diagnostic Treatment” in comparison to the control group led to increase emotional expression and decrease fear of intimacy in children of divorce (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two methods in increasing emotional expression and decreasing fear of intimacy (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Both “Cognitive Behavioral Treatment” and “Unified Trans Diagnostic Treatment” were effective in improving emotional health-related characteristics, especially increased emotional expression and decreased fear of the intimacy of children of divorce. Therefore, health experts and therapists can use the methods to increase emotional expression and decrease fear of intimacy.

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Introduction: Divorce is on the rise as an individual and social problem and has many negative consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness “Solution-Focused Brief Therapy” on marital intimacy and contingencies of self-worth in divorce applicant couples.
Methods: The method of the present study was a semi-intervention with pretest, posttest and follow-up and control group. The statistical population of this study included all couples who referred to the judiciary of Khoy city in 2018 who were seeking divorce. From this, 20 pairs were selected and divided into two equal groups (10 pairs in each group) by lot. Demographic questionnaire, “Marital Intimacy Needs Questionnaire” and “Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale” were used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaires was measured by content validity by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. 6 sessions of “Solution -Focused Brief Therapy” intervention was performed for 60 minutes for the intervention couple. Both couples in the study were then asked to complete the instruments. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 21.
Results: The “Solution -Focused Brief Therapy” is effective in improving marital intimacy and potential self-esteem (P <0.05).
Conclusions: “Solution -Focused Brief Therapy” is effective in improving marital intimacy and potential self-esteem. It is suggested that in the field of couple therapy, this intervention be used to solve the problems of couples and improve the relationship between them.

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Introduction: Emotional divorce is an abnormality in the family system that, although it does not lead to the separation of couples, but their married life lacks love, companionship and friendship and has negative consequences for the functioning of the family. The aim of this study was to determine the role of psychological capital and differentiation self in predicting emotional divorce in female teachers in Zanjan.
Methods: The present study was performed by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population included all female teachers in education district 2 of Zanjan in 2019. The statistical sample was 274 people based on Krejcie & Morgan formula which was selected by convenience sampling method. In this study, demographic questionnaire, "Emotional Divorce Scale", "Differentiation of Self Scale" and "Psychological Capital Scale" were used. Content validity by qualitative method, and reliability by internal consistency method were evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS. 25. 
Results: Between psychological capital (R= 0.36, P<0.05) and its components including self-efficacy (R= -0.46, P<0.05), hopefulness (R= -0.46, P<0.0), resilience (R= 0.37, P<0.05) and optimism (R= 0.50, P <0.05) were negatively correlated with emotional divorce. Between differentiation (R= -0.43, P<0.05) and its components including emotional reactivity (R= 0.25, P<0.05), My position (R= 0.48, 05 P <0.0), positive correlation with emotional divorce and correlation between emotional divorce (R= 0.44, P <0.05) and fusion with others (R= -0.43, P<0.05) with emotional divorce there was a negative. The results showed that psychological capital and differentiation together could explain 30% of the variance of emotional divorce in women (P<0.05). 
Conclusions: Emotional divorce in women was predicted by psychological capital and differentiation. Therefore, it is recommended to counselors and family psychologists, considering the role of these variables in emotional divorce, with the help of couples to increase psychological capital and adjust differentiation. They should prevent emotional divorce. 
 

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Introduction: Marital infidelity can cause severe emotional consequences in couples. Marital infidelity leads to deep conflicts, separation, divorce, and psychological and social damage. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of "Hypnotherapy" and "Schema Therapy" on mental health in men and women who have been in marital infidelity in Tehran.
Methods: The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all the cheated couples in Tehran who had been referred to the Psychological Counseling Center in Tehran in the second half of 2022 due to the psychological consequences of marital infidelity. Sampling was done in a non-random and convenience method. First, 48 people were selected and then replaced in the first and second intervention groups and the control group (16 people in each group) in a simple random way using the lottery method. The research instruments were a demographic questionnaire and "Symptom Check List-90-Revised" to measure the symptoms of mental disorders. Content validity and face validity were measured by the qualitative method and reliability by the internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. People in the "Hypnotherapy" group were treated in 8 sessions of 90 minutes and in the "Schema Therapy" group in 20 sessions of 90 minutes. The control group received the therapy after completing the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 22 software.
Results: The two therapy methods used were effective in increasing the mental health of the participants (P<0.05), but the difference between "Hypnotherapy" and "Schema Therapy" is not significant at the 0.05 level.
Conclusions: Considering the effectiveness of "Hypnotherapy" and "Schema Therapy" on increasing mental health, it is suggested that counseling centers and family clinics use these two therapy methods for unfaithful spouses.
 

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Introduction: Divorced women who are independent from their families, compared to divorced women who are dependent on their families, may show strategies to deal with tension, adapt to divorce, and feel lonely. The present study aimed to compare divorce adjustment, coping with stress and loneliness feeling in independent and family-dependent divorced women. 
Methods: The method of present research is descriptive-comparative. The statistical population of this research included all the divorced women covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in Qom in 2019, from which 35 independent women and 35 women dependent on the family were selected through non-random and convenience sampling method. The research instruments included demographic questionnaire, "Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale", "Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations" and "Loneliness Scale". Content validity of the instruments were measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data was analyzed in SPSS. 24.
Results: The results of the multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between divorce adjustment (P=0.001, F=88.09), task-oriented coping (P=0.015, F=6.22), emotion-oriented coping (P=0.001, F=72.9), avoidant-distracted coping (P=0.001, F=11.7) and loneliness feeling (P=0.001, F=46.5) between independent and family-dependent divorced women.
Conclusions: Family-independent divorced women showed a higher score in task-oriented coping and a lower score in emotion-oriented and avoidant-distracted coping compared to family-dependent divorced women. Family-independent divorced women showed a higher score in the total score of divorce adjustment and a lower score in the total score of loneliness feeling compared to family-dependent divorced women. Therefore, it is suggested to the officials of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation to implement training courses on coping strategies to reduce the feeling of loneliness and increase adaptation to divorce and the independence of divorced women dependent on the family.
 

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Introduction: Life expectancy plays an important role in people's adaptation to the issue of divorce, and lack or low life expectancy causes psychological damage. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying life expectancy factors in women after divorce.
Methods: The current research was conducted with the qualitative approach of conventional content analysis. The statistical population of the present study included experts including academic lecturers in the field of psychology from Zanjan Islamic Azad University, Qom University and Zanjan University and experts in the field of family and divorce as well as women after divorce from several psychology centers in Zanjan city in in 2022.
Data collection was done by semi-structured interview method. Data analysis was done using the conventional content analysis method and in MAXQDA. 2020.
Results: Findings showed 8 main themes and 33 sub-themes including: factors of independent financing (with 3 sub-themes), factors related to personality characteristics (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to group education through media and culture building (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to counseling and psychotherapy (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to family support, social support, government support (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to empowerment and having a goal (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to healthy lifestyle (with 2 sub-themes) and factors related to spirituality (with 2 sub-themes).
Conclusions: The existence of 8 main themes including factors of independent financing, factors related to personality characteristics, factors related to group education through media and culture, factors related to counseling and psychotherapy, factors related to family support, social support, and government support. It showed factors related to empowerment and having a goal, factors related to healthy lifestyle and factors related to spirituality. Therefore, it is suggested to use the results of the present study to increase the life expectancy of divorced women.
 

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Introduction: Most of the children involved with mental health problems come from broken families. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to predict the psychological well-being of divorced children based on Components of parenting with the mediation of the guardian's personality traits.
Methods: The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population includes primary school students (second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth grades) of Qom province in the academic year of 2022-2023 whose parents were separated. The sample group included 200 students (100 girls, 100 boys). The samples were selected by multi-stage random sampling method. Divorced children participating in the study completed the "Psychological Well-Being Scale (Children's form)" and the "Alabama Parenting Questionnaire". As well as the "NEO Five-Factor Inventory" by the guardian parent of each child was answered. The validity of the instruments was measured using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After completing the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using the structural equation model method using SPSS v. 26 and Lisrel 8.8.
Results: Based on the fit indices, the proposed model has a good fit (x2/df =1.64, 2.64, CFI=0.97, NFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.056). Also, the results showed the components of parenting with psychological well-being. Divorced children have a direct, positive and significant correlation (P<0.01). Also, the personality traits of the guardian parent between the components of parenting and the psychological well-being of divorced children have a positive and significant mediating role (P<0.01).
Conclusions: Components of parenting increases the psychological well-being of divorced children directly and indirectly through the personality traits of the guardian parent. Therefore, it is suggested that educational authorities hold workshops and training programs to teach the parenting, sometimes raise parents and try to improve the psychological well-being of students.


 

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Introduction: Attitude towards divorce and justification of extramarital relations are among the factors affecting marital satisfaction. The present study aimed to formulate a structural model for predicting marital satisfaction based on the attitude towards divorce with the mediation of the justification of extramarital relationships in the students of the Islamic Azad University of Garmsar Branch.
Methods: The research method was descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the present study included all married students of the Islamic Azad University of Garmsar Branch in the academic year of the second semester of 2022-2023, and among them, 246 were selected by non-random and convenience sampling method. The research instruments included demographic questionnaire, "ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale", "Attitudes towards Divorce Scale", and "Justifications for Extramarital Relationships Questionnaire". The validity of the instruments was measured using content validity using a qualitative method and reliability using the internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS .26 and Amos v.24.
Results: Marital satisfaction is predicted based on positive (β=-0.300, P<0.001) and negative (β=0.549, P<0.001) attitude towards divorce in students of Islamic Azad University of Garmsar Branch. Marital satisfaction is predicted based on the justification of extramarital relationships (β=-0.523, P<0.001) in the students of Islamic Azad University of Garmsar branch. Positive attitude towards divorce (β=-0.200, P=0.001) and negative attitude towards divorce (β=0.191, P<0.001) predict marital satisfaction through the mediation of extramarital relationship justification.
Conclusions: The marital satisfaction is predicted based on positive and negative attitudes towards divorce with the mediation of justification of extramarital relationships in the students of Islamic Azad University of Garmsar Branch. Therefore, it is suggested that family counselors and psychologists focus on couples' attitudes towards divorce in marital relationship in couple therapy.


 

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Introduction: Family breakdown is an important social issue and "emotional divorce" is a determining factor in this phenomenon. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of "Schema Therapy" and “Emotionally Focused Therapy” on the emotional divorce of couples.
Methods: The study method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included couples who referred to the Delphi Clinic in Tehran with complaints of marital conflicts in the summer and fall of 2023. Among them, 30 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the intervention group and the control group. Research instruments included demographic questionnaire and "Emotional Divorce Questionnaire". Content validity of the instrument was measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After implementing 12 sessions of "Schema Therapy" and 12 sessions of "Emotionally Focused Therapy" for the intervention groups, the data were analyzed in SPSS. 24.
Results: "Schema Therapy" and “Emotionally Focused Therapy” in the intervention groups reduced emotional divorce compared to the control group (P=0.018). The mean of emotional divorce during the study period showed a significant difference between the "Schema Therapy" and “Emotionally Focused Therapy” and the control group (P=0.001). The mean of emotional divorce between "Schema Therapy" and "Emotionally Focused Therapy" groups did not show a significant difference (P=1.000).
Conclusions: The both "Schema Therapy" and "Emotionally Focused Therapy" are effective on emotional divorce in couples, and there is no difference between the effectiveness of "Schema Therapy" and "Emotionally Focused Therapy" on emotional divorce. It is suggested to include the above 2 methods in couples and family therapy training programs.