---

 

Introduction:

 

The mission of professional nursing is that guarantee health promotion and recovery of patients.Several changes have occurred in the health care system and professional standards and nurses, as professionals,should pay attention to the changes and identify factors affecting their professional roles. The aim of this study was toclarify the nurse's viewpoint on factors affecting the professional roles.

 

Material and methods:

 

In this qualitative research, 7 nurses in various hospitals of Tehran were selected by purposeful sampling and sampling continued until data saturation.Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. All interviews were recorded and hand written and using the constant comparative method and content analysis were analyzed. Ability to verify data,hand-written overview of the method was used with participants and partners.

 

Findings:

 

Data analysis showed that six components cultural characteristics - beliefs of patients and his family, nurses' job security, management and leadership, gap between the theories -practice, motivational factors of work environment and nurses' personal beliefs were introduced as factors affecting the nurses' professional role.

 

Conclusion:

 

The results of this study showed that some factors affecting the nurses’ professional roles that may be facilitated or inhibited the professional roles performance, and this requires a detailedunderstanding of the factors facilitating and hindering the nurse's professional role and planning to achieve health promotion goal.

 

---

   

Abstract

 

Introduction: Retirement is a new phase in the life cycle and away to improve health and self-care and living conditions. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of retired nurses in retirement time.

 

Materials and Methods: This study was performed by qualitative design and content analysis method. Sampling was based on purposive and participants were 20 retired nurses that live in Semnan. In addition, participants had a BSc in nursing and 1 to 5 years of retirement time.  However, they had different positions in various wards and hospitals with 23-30 years’ of full-time experience. Data was collected through semi- structured interviews and the sampling ended when the data reached saturation.

 

Findings: The main theme extracted from the data analysis was to identity the threat. Classes include "shock and disbelief", "hard separation of the work" and "frustration” that contained several sub-classes.

 

Conclusion: The experience of retired nurses during the retirement was identity threat. Suitable retirement planning and effective interventions to improve existing conditions by authorities and managers of nursing, can prevent incidence of identity threat in retired nurses and provide health promotion and efficiency for nurses. Furthermore, findings of this study can provide and facilitate more future studies in this field.

 

 Keywords: Retirement, Retired nurse, Qualitative study, Content analysis.

 

---

Abstract Introduction: Unequal distribution of health in the developing countries is one of the main challenges of health systems. This leads to inequality in social status, living conditions and social interventions of the government's efforts to fail. Current study aimed to develop a conceptual model of social determinants of health inequalities in Iran with a qualitative approach. Materials & Methods: This study was a qualitative content analysis. The participants were consisted of 33 experts of social determinants of health field which were selected through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interview was used for data collections. Directed content analysis with Nvivo software was conducted. Findings: This study resulted in 14 themes and 55 sub-themes as determinants of inequality on health in Iran. Main themes were disasters, socio-economic status, macroeconomic policies, leadership, social policies, public policies, culture and social values, social protection, social cohesion, religious, international factors, behavioural and biological factors, psychological factors, health system and socio demographic factors. Conclusion: Inequalities in health can be avoidable due to its main determinants of economic status, education, employments. Hence social factors determining health approach, is suggested to formulate macro-economic and social policies in the country and it requires more attention.

---

Introduction: Diabetes is a disease that has a great effect on physical, psychological and social conditions of patients. Taking a good control of the disease is one of the main objectives of therapeutic intervention that should extensively be studied. The present study aimed to examine the experience of diabetic patients and health team of diabetes control. Materials & Methods: The present qualitative study has used conventional qualitative content analysis method. Participations were consisted of 12 diabetic patients, 3 nurses and 4 physicians who were selected purposefully from 5 private and public health centers in Isfahan. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and then were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. Findings: The findings of the study were categorized in two main concepts "weakness in facing the illness" and "overcoming the disease" and six subcategories including fear of sever untreated side effect, sever negative feelings, persistent stress, force to follow therapeutic limits, overcoming negative psychological reactions, and internalizing educational contents. Conclusion: Some patients might not only lose their self-confidence, but also they might lose their control. Favorable experience occurred when some of the patients had successfully overcame the disease threats and adjusted to their disease situations through adhering the treatment regimen and adopting the healthy lifestyle and healthy behaviors. Therefore, it is suggested that these patients be assisted by the health team and community members to have optimal control of their disease condition.

---

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is one of the important factor of mortality rate in the world. This disease will reduce the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to explore the perception of MI patients from influential factor on quality of life. Materials & Methods: The present study is a qualitative study with conventional content analysis approach. In total, 19 participants with MI were selected using purposive sampling method. Data was collected by semi structure interview and was analyzed using conventional content analysis. Findings: Results contained 4 main themes such as disability and dependency, spirituality, communication and economical problems. In total 9 sub-themes of physical disability, physical dependency to others, control of risk factors, negative feeling, Inculcates, negative/positive effect of spirituality, family communication, social communication, and negative/not effect of economy were merged to shape main themes. Conclusion: Participants of the study identified the influential factors of quality of life improvement in 4 main themes of disability and dependency, spirituality, communication and economical problems. Consequently, enhancing above factors to improve the quality of life of MI patients is suggested.

---

Introduction: Health education and the development of students' health culture are very important and a coherent and comprehensive program in this area is essential. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of elementary third grade textbooks based on the amount of attention to health system components.
Methods: In this descriptive study, content analysis method was used. The statistical population of this study was all third grade elementary school books of 2016-2016 (6 volumes) including Persian titles, sciences, heavenly gifts, Quran, math and social education. Statistical sample is equal to statistical population. The research instrument was "Shanon Entropy". The content validity of this study was also confirmed by 10 educational and 5 medical specialists. First, the frequency of the components was determined on each page of the book. Then, the information load of each marker and its degree of importance relative to other components were calculated using “Shannon Entropy” software.
Results: The highest attention among all components of health education was related to mental health component with 645 cases and the least attention to disability component with 13 frequencies. Among the sub-indices, the most significant coefficients were related to corrective movements, energetic substances, and health and sports nutrition with 0.037 and arthropod and rodent control components, prenatal care, addiction, drugs and its variants, effects on smoking, AIDS and familiarity with zero-valued diseases are of the least importance.
Conclusions: Each of the components of these components has not been balanced and the textbooks have not covered a proportion of health education components. Therefore, it is suggested that authors of textbooks should pay attention to this issue in future editions.
 

---

Introduction: Evaluation in any organization is an essential part of maintaining and sustaining the organization. The purpose of this study was to determine the evaluation criteria of faculty members' performance.
Methods: The present study was conducted using qualitative content analysis method, in which 20 faculty members, specialized in educational management and evaluation and university departments managers were selected for semi-structured interviews. Sampling was purposive and snowball method. The robustness of the data was confirmed by participants and external controls. Data were analyzed using content analysis approach.
Resluts: Interview data consisted of 6 main themes and 21 sub-themes. The main themes include: research activity (3 sub-themes), educational activities (3 sub-themes), executive services (2 sub-themes), development (4 sub-themes), professional ethics (3 sub-themes) and ethics individual was (6 sub-themes).
Conclusiosn: The findings showed an in-depth understanding of faculty performance criteria in 6 main themes and 21 sub-themes. It is suggested that the findings of the present study be used to evaluate the performance of university lecturers.
 

---

Introduction: Existence of consensus, empathy, convergence and social acceptance among ethnic groups is one of the ways to achieve social health and national cohesion in the multi-ethnic society of Iran. The aim of this study was to develop strategies and consequences of ethnic-cultural empathy in virtual social networks with the approach of national cohesion and achieving social health.
Methods: The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach. The sample of the study was 32 experts and the criterion for selecting the experts was to have knowledge and awareness of the literature on the subject and also to have aristocracy over the community to observe the central phenomenon of research, which were selected purposefully and snowballs. Interviews were used using open and semi-structured questions to collect data. After reaching theoretical saturation, the data were analyzed by conventional content analysis method.
Results: By coding and analyzing the content of semi-structured interviews with experts, 159 open codes were extracted and after aggregating the codes, 47 subcategories and 17 categories in the form of two main themes were identified as "strategies" and "consequences".
Conclusions: The results indicate that according to the strategies and extractive consequences of the research, national solidarity and ethnic and cultural harmony will be established and positive participation will be strengthened by participation and facilitation in the implementation of the presented strategies. It is suggested that policymakers use these strategies to achieve national cohesion and social health of the country.
 

---

Introduction: One of the most important tasks of human resource management is to staffing system. Improving and developing human resources with a knowledge-based approach is one of the main goals of third millennium organizations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the components of staffing system based on knowledge-based organizational civilization in medical universities.
Methods: This research is a qualitative study with content analysis approach that was conducted with the participation of 16 lectures of health services management, managers of medical universities and teachers of the Department of Public Administration in Birjand. Interviews were semi-structured and individual meetings were held. Data were analyzed by content analysis method using MAXQDA.12.
 Results: After content analysis, 10 main themes and 44 sub-themes were identified, which based on the highest frequency, including continuous learning, committed employees, creative and innovative employees, knowledge employees, ethical employees, learning ability, meritocracy, competitiveness, intellectual capital, and knowledge management.
Conclusion: The most important factors in staffing are the components of continued learning, committed employees, creative and innovative employees, and knowledge-oriented staff. Therefore, in order to create a knowledge-based organizational civilization in universities of medical sciences, these components should be considered in Supply human resources.

---

Introduction: With the development of technology and the passive lifestyle of people, citizenship sport as one of the needs of modern society has always been in demand by citizens. The aim of this study was to explain the strategies and outcomes of health-oriented citizenship sport in metropolitan areas of Iran.
Methods: The present study, following the interpretive paradigm, has a qualitative approach to content analysis. The method of selecting experts for the interview was continued in a purposeful manner and snowball until the theoretical saturation was reached. The criteria for selecting participants was to have executive and operational backgrounds or to have scientific and research backgrounds and theorizing in the field of citizen sports. Finally, 20 experts were considered for this purpose. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed by conventional (conventional) content analysis method using coding method.
Results: 82 open source codes were extracted containing strategies and outcomes and after aggregating the codes, 6 sub-themes in the form of 2 main themes were identified as "strategies" and "outcomes " in health-oriented citizenship sports in the metropolises of Iran.
Conclusions: In order to develop health-oriented citizenship sports in metropolitan areas, "strategies" and "outcomes" in citizenship sports must be considered. Therefore, it is suggested that necessary measures be taken for the development of Iranian metropolises to implement citizenship sports.
 

---

Introduction:  The role of information technology in smart schools in recent years with the prevalence of epidemics is one of the most controversial and challenging study topics. The aim of this study was to Identify factors influencing the smart schools in order to protect public health against epidemics diseases. 
Methods: The present study was conducted following the interpretive paradigm and with a qualitative approach. The statistical population of the study included senior managers and implementers of projects related to information technology, experts and smart managers of Tehran schools in 2020-2021. 16 of the above individuals were purposefully selected and participated in the study.Interviews were used to collect data using open and semi-structured questions. Acceptability, transferability and confirmability were confirmed for the validity of the study. For reliability, the validity of the encodings was checked and verified. Finally, the data were analyzed by content analysis method and using coding method. 
Results: 221 open codes were extracted and after aggregating the codes, 43 sub-themes and 5 main themes were identified as effective factors on school intelligence.
Conclusions: The findings indicate that the factors affecting the intelligence of schools in order to maintain community health include learning and teaching materials, processes, users, information technology and digital literacy. It is suggested that these factors be used as a framework for smartening schools, to maintain the health of a compatible community to address the challenges in the country's education system.
 

---

Introduction: Identifying the challenges in clinical guidelines implementation from the perspective of clinical care providers can provide valuable information for implementers and policymakers providing clinical care services at the local and national levels. The present study aimed to identify the challenges of implementing clinical guidelines from the perspective of clinical care providers. 
Methods: The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach. The statistical population of the study included a number of key stakeholders and aware of how to provide clinical care in Allameh Behlool Gonabadi Hospital affiliated to Gonabad University of Medical Sciences in 2020, which were purposefully selected by snowball method. Data collection was continued through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion sessions until the data saturation stage was reached. A total of 30 interviews were conducted. The four criteria of Lincoln & Guba were used for the accuracy and robustness of the study findings. Data were analyzed by content analysis method and Graneheim & Lundman content analysis method.
Results: 542 meaning unit and 71 condensed meaning unit were extracted. After aggregating them, 3 categories and 12 subcategories were identified as effective challenges in implementing clinical guidelines.
Conclusions: Challenges of implementing clinical guidelines include procedural, process, and structural challenges. Therefore, it is suggested to pay attention to these challenges in writing, developing and implementing clinical guidelines at all different levels of clinical care providers.
 

---

Introduction: Smartening hospitals can be effective in improving the quality and providing faster and better services and increasing the possibility of tracking and security of the equipment in the hospital. The current research aims to identifying effective factors in making hospitals smarter.
Methods: The present research is a qualitative method of content analysis. The statistical population includes managers, doctors, experts in the field of hospital intelligence, hospital information and communication technology experts, and hospital medical equipment experts in 2019-2019. Sampling method was done in a purposeful way and by snowball method. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews with 12 experts who are familiar with hospital smart issues. The data was analyzed by content analysis and using coding method.
Results: The number of 135 primary codes, 22 sub-categories, and after combining the codes, 4 categories including information and communication platforms, advanced medical equipment and facilities, trained human resources and management in hospitals were identified as effective factors for making the hospital smarter.
Conclusion: In the present study, 4 categories including information and communication platforms, advanced medical equipment and facilities, trained human resources and management in hospitals were identified as effective factors for making the hospital smarter. It is suggested to use the findings of the present study for better performance in hospitals.

 

---

Introduction: Life expectancy plays an important role in people's adaptation to the issue of divorce, and lack or low life expectancy causes psychological damage. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying life expectancy factors in women after divorce.
Methods: The current research was conducted with the qualitative approach of conventional content analysis. The statistical population of the present study included experts including academic lecturers in the field of psychology from Zanjan Islamic Azad University, Qom University and Zanjan University and experts in the field of family and divorce as well as women after divorce from several psychology centers in Zanjan city in in 2022.
Data collection was done by semi-structured interview method. Data analysis was done using the conventional content analysis method and in MAXQDA. 2020.
Results: Findings showed 8 main themes and 33 sub-themes including: factors of independent financing (with 3 sub-themes), factors related to personality characteristics (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to group education through media and culture building (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to counseling and psychotherapy (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to family support, social support, government support (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to empowerment and having a goal (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to healthy lifestyle (with 2 sub-themes) and factors related to spirituality (with 2 sub-themes).
Conclusions: The existence of 8 main themes including factors of independent financing, factors related to personality characteristics, factors related to group education through media and culture, factors related to counseling and psychotherapy, factors related to family support, social support, and government support. It showed factors related to empowerment and having a goal, factors related to healthy lifestyle and factors related to spirituality. Therefore, it is suggested to use the results of the present study to increase the life expectancy of divorced women.